
1 90 3 



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Zbc TUniversttB of Cbtcago 

THE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION 

THE LECTURE-STUDY DEPARTMENT 

No. 178.— Peice 10 Cts. 

E 206 
.H84 
Copy 1 



SIX STATESMEN OF 
THE AMERICAN 
REVOLUTION 



SYLLABUS OF A 
COURSE OF SIX 
LECTURE-STUDIES 



By GEORGE ELLIOTT HOWARD, Ph.D., 
PROFESSORIAL LECTURER IN HISTORY 



CHICAGO 

Cbe 'Glnfverslts of Cbfcago press 

1903 



rtdr 



EXERCISES 

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broad margin being reserved on the left. The name of the center, with some 
signature of the writer, should stand at the top of the first page. The exercises 
should be sent to George E. Howard, Ph. D., The University of Chicago, Chicago 
so as to arrive at least two days before the following lecture. They will be re- 
turned at the Review, the following week, with such marginal and oral comments as 
they seem to require. If application is made to the lecturer, there will be an Exam- 
ination at the end of the course for students who are qualified and desire to take it. 

Any of the books referred to in these lectures may be obtained at special rates 
from The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 111. Prices will be quoted on 
application. 



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vs. 



^ ASSIGNED READINGS. 



LECTURE I. 



'. R. Seeley, The Expansio7t of England (London, 1883), chaps, iv, vi. 
2. G. Scott, The Development of Civil Liberty in the English Colonies 
(New York, 1882), chap. viii. 



LECTURE II. 



Moses Coit Tyler, Patrick Henry (Boston, 1887), 1-188. 

\. B. Hart, Cotitetnporaries {Nt-w York and London, 1898), II, 103-6. 



lecture III. 



A. B. Hart, Formation of the Union (4th ed., New York and London, 

1894), 37-68. 
Richard Frothingham, Rise of the Republic (Boston, 1872), 200-402, 



lecture IV. 

Moses Coit Tyler, Literary History of the A^nerican Revolution (New 

York and London, 1897), I, 293-400. 
Z. H. Van Tyne, The Loyalists in the A?nerican Revolution (New York 

and London, 1902), 1-86. 

lecture v. 

Oavis R. Dewey, Financial History of the United States (New York, 

London, and Bombay, 1903), 1-59. 
G. W. Green, Historical View of the American Revolution (Boston, 

1865), chap. V. 

lecture VI. 



;. T. Morse, Franklin (Boston, il-_^^. 
I G. W. Green, Historical View, chap. vi. 



LECTURE I. 

JAMES OTIS AND THE FIRST PROTEST OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

I. Characteristics of James Otis (1725-83). 
II. Why the Americans Protested ; Origin of the Revolution. 

1. Original isolation of the colonies; slow growth of the senti- 
ment of union. 

2. Principal result of the French and Indian War : genesis of 
national self-consciousness. 

3. Primary cause of the American Revolution : the restrictive 
colonial system. 

a) Character of the acts of 1660, 1663, 1672; of the acts 

restraining manufactures. 
^) So-called "compensations" which led the colonists to 

accept the restrictive system. 

c) Why, then, is that system the original cause of the 
Revolution ? 

4. The "Molasses Act" of 1733; what its enforcement would 
mean to the colonies. 

III. The Writs of Assistance. 

1. Origin of these writs; their survival in England; similarity 
in character to the "general warrants" of the Wilkes case. 

2. First use in the colonies, 1755; supposed special need of 
them during the French and Indian War. 

3. Otis's speech against the renewal of the writs, 1761): the 
"prologue" of the revolutionary drama. 

a) The occasion. 

d) The technical argument. 

c) Untrustworthiness of John Adams's account of the 
alleged general argument (see his letters to William 
Tudor in his Works, X). 

4. Real significance of Otis's speech. 

IV. Otis the First Revolutionary Leader of Massachusetts. 

I. The case of alleged misappropriation of forfeitures for vio- 
lations of the Molasses Act, 1761. Otis attacks the court 
of admiralty. 



SIX STATESMEN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 5 

2. Governor Bernard's alleged illegal expedition, 1762; Otis's 
Vindication of the Conduct of the House of Representatives 
(Boston, 1762). 

3. The first revenue act, 1764; Otis's Rights of the British 
Colonics Asserted and Proved (Boston, 1764). 

4. The menace of the Stamp Act, 1764-65. 

a) Otis's pamphlets in reply to Martin Howard. 
B) His reply to Soame Jenyns. 

5. Later public services of Otis. Estimate of his place in the 

Revolution. 

STUDIES. 

1. Historical importance of the "Molasses Act," 1733. 

2. Were the laws restraining manufactures in the colonies oppres- 
sive ? 

3. The bounty system. 

4. Summary of Judge Horace Gray's paper on the Writs of Assist- 
ance. 

5. Comparison of English and American claims as to the restrictive 

system. 

REFERENCES. 

Tudor, Life of Otis (Boston, 1823); Minot, History of Massachusetts (Boston, 1798- 
1803), II, 87-99; John Adams, H^oris, II, $21-2^; X, index; Horace Gray, 
" Writs of Assistance," in Quincy's Massachusetts Reports, 395-540 ; Tyler, 
Literary History of the American Revolution, I, 30-90 ; Weeden, Economic 
and Social History of New England, II, 666 ff., 714 ff.; Chamberlain, "The 
Revolution Impending," in Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, VI, 1-24 ; 
Frothingham, Rise 0/ the Republic, 72-157 ; Bancroft, United States (ed. 1883), 
II, 546 ff.; Hxiichmson, History of Massachusetts, III, 89 ff.; "Ltcky, England in 
the Eighteenth Century, III, 321-34; Hart, Eorfnation of the £/«/^«, 43-48 ; 
idem. Contemporaries, II, 374-78; Seeley, Expansion of England; Channing, 
The Navigation La-us (Worcester, 1890); Scott, Development of Civil Liberty, 
chap, viii ; Beer, "Colonial Policy of England toward the American Colonies,' 
Columbia College Studies, III (New York, 1893); Lord, " Industrial Experi- 
ments in the British Colonies," Johns Hopkins University Studies, extra Vol. 
XVII (Baltimore, 1898); Ashley, "England and America, 1660-1760," in his 
Surveys Historic and Economic (London, New York, and Bombay, 1900), 
309-60; Hill, "Colonial Tariffs," Quarterly Journal 0/ Economics, VII, 73 ff. 
For a contemporary defense of British colonial policy see Grenville, The 
Regulations Lately Afade Concerning the Colonies {l^oxiAon, 1765); and com- 
pare Knox, The Controversy between Great Britain and Her Colonies (London 
1769). 



6 SIX STATESMEN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 

LECTURE II. 

PATRICK HENRY AND THE FIRST PROTEST OF VIRGINIA. 

I. Two False Theories of the Origin of the American Revolution. 

1. That it was the result of the intended or conscious oppres- 
sion of the colonies. 

2. That it was aroused by hot-headed demagogues. 

3. Must the "great man" explanation of historical progress be 
abandoned ? Value of the biographical element. 

II. The Royal Prerogative and the Revolution. 

1. Quarrels with the governors. 

2. Independence of the courts threatened; in October, 1761, 
Benjamin Pratt appointed chief-justice of New York "dur- 
ing the king's pleasure." 

3. Abuse of legislative prerogative. 

a) After the reign of Anne no act of Parliament vetoed by 
the crown ; but this branch of the prerogative steadily 
maintained in the royal provinces. 

d) The Virginia Act of 1761 imposing a prohibitory duty 
on the importations of slaves disallowed. 

III. Patrick Henry's Protest against the King's Legislative Preroga- 
tive in the " Parson's Cause," 1763. 

1. Origin of the cause. 

a) Laws of 1696 and 1748 fixing the parson's salary at 
16,000 of tobacco. Tobacco as a legal tender. 

2. The "Two-Penny" Act of 1755. Financial distress caused 
by the war times. 

3. The "Two-Penny" Act of 1758: like that of 1755, it was 
passed without the "suspending clause." The prerogative 
strained in denying the petition of 1751. 

a) Debts made payable either in kind or in paper money at 
the option of the payer; alleged hardships to the clergy. 

3) Resistance of the clergy; pamphlet war; letter to the 
bishop of London ; appeals to the board of trade placed 
before the privy council. The act disallowed, August 
10, 1759; and Governor Fauquier ordered to publish 
the fact by proclamation. 



SIX STATESMEN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 7 

c) Rev. John Camm's suit against the vestry of York 
Hampton parish ; the assembly allows the expenses of 
appeals; 1764 Virginia law held valid by the general 
court; appeal to privy council, and the case dismissed, 
1767. 

d) Other suits in the lower courts; that of Rev. James 
Maury, of Fredericksville parish, Louisa, November 5, 
1763 : county court of Hanover declares the act of 1758 
void ; and orders that at next term a special jury shall 
determine the damage due Maury. Patrick Henry 
called in to defend the parish. 

4. Characteristics of Patrick Henry. 
a) His parentage and education. 

^) His business experiences, 1751-60. 

c) Admission to the bar, 1760; his remarkable success dur- 
ing the first three years and a half of practice. 

5. December i, 1763: Henry's speech in the Parson's Cause. 
a) Character of his eloquence. 

^) Points of the argument. 

c) The verdict. 

d) Revolutionary significance of the speech. 

IV. The Later Career of Patrick Henry. 

1. The resolves against the Stamp Act, May 29, 1765 : Henry's 
speech. 

2. In the first Continental Congress, 1774. 

3. His resolves and great speech in the second revolutionary 
convention of Virginia, March, 1775. 

4. Why he opposed the ratification of the Federal Constitution 

5. Estimate of his place in American history. 

STUDIES. 

1. History of tobacco as a currency in Virginia. 

2. Patrick Henry and the Federal Constitution. 

3. Influence of Patrick Henry's resolves against the Stamp Act. 

4. Abuse of the royal prerogative as a cause of the Revolution. 

REFERENCES. 

Ann Maury, Memoirs of a Huguenot Family (New York, 1872), 402, 418-24 
(James Maury on Parson's Cause) ; or the same in Hart, Contemporaries, 11, 



SIX STATESMEN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 

103-6 ; Perry, Historical Collections, I, passim; Meade, Old Churches, I, 216 ff. 
Burnaby, Travels (2d ed., London, 1759); Jefferson, "Memorandum," Histori 
cal Magaziiie (1867), N. S., II, 93; Hening, Statutes, III, 152; iVI, 88, 89, 568 
VII, 240, 241; Campbell, History of Virginia (Philadelphia, i860), 514, 515 
Wirt, Patrick Henry (Philadelphia, 1818); Tyler, Patrick Henry (Boston 
1887); W. W. Henry, Patrick Henry (3 vols.. New York, 1891); Bancroft, 
United States, III, lioff., 134 ff.; Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 178 ff. 
Grahame, United States, IV, 206 ff . ; Gordon, United States (London, 1788), I, 
164 ff. 



LECTURE III. 

SAMUEL ADAMS AND THE ORGANIZATION OF PUBLIC OPINION. 

I. Characteristics of Samuel Adams. 

1. Birth and education. 

2. The "man of the town-meeting;" place of the town- 
meeting in New England and American history. 

3. The "penman" of the Revolution; his style of writing and 
speaking. 

4. The organizer of resistance. 

5. General character of the revolutionary literature ; newspa- 
pers and pamphlets ; poems ; state papers ; public papers 
drafted by Samuel Adams. 

II. The Grenville Acts and the Birth of Revolutionary Parties. 

1. Whigs and Tories, 1763-65 {YiwX.ckixwsovC'S, History of Mas- 
sachusetts, III, 103; Grahame, op. cit., IV, 210). 

2. " Sons of Liberty," 1765 ; methods and influence; supposed 
origin of the name in Barre's speech. 

3. Non-importation agreements. 

4. First intercolonial Committees of Correspondence, the 
result of Adams's "initial state paper" of the American 
Revolution, May 24, 1764. 

5. Address to the governor and the resolutions of the assem- 
bly against the Stamp Act drafted by Adams, October, 1765. 

III. Public Opinion Advanced and the Sentiment of Union Further 
Developed by the Townshend Revenue Acts, 1767-70. 

I. The circular letter of Massachusetts. 

a) Royal order to rescind the resolution authorizing it. 

b) Other assemblies ordered by the king to disregard it. 



SIX STATESMEN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 9 

c) Massachusetts leaders to be carried to England for trial. 

d) Virginia's protest. 

2. Repeal of the revenue acts, except the tax on tea, April 12, 
1770. 

IV. The Royal Instructions and Committees of Correspondence, 1770-73. 

1. Character of the instructions. 

2. Methods of resistance. 

3. The Boston "massacre," March 5, 1770. Removal of the 
troops. 

4. The "Gaspee," June 9, 1772. 

5. Local committees of correspondence proposed by Adams, 
November, 1772. 

6. Intercolonial committees proposed by Virginia, March, 1773. 

V. The Tea Act. 

1. Its provisions and purpose. 

2. Response to the act. 

3. The Boston "Tea-Party," December 16, 1773. 

VI. The Five Coercive Acts and the Congress, 1774. 

1. Substance of the acts. 

2. The colonies support Massachusetts. 

3. The "solemn league and covenant." 

4. Work of the congress : the "Association." 

VII. Services of Samuel Adams. 

STUDIES. 



Significance of the Quebec Act. 

History of the "Sons of Liberty." 

Character and work of the First Continental Congress. 

Justification of the Revolution. 

Galloway's compromise "plan of a proposed union between 

Great Britain and the colonies." 

REFERENCES. 

Hosmer, Samuel Adams {Boston, iS8s); idem, " Samuel Adams, the Man of the 
Town- Meeting," /o/ins Hopkins University Studies, II; Wells, Samuel Adams 
(3 vols., Boston, 1865); Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 200-402; Bancroft, 
United States (ed. 1883), III ; Lecky, England iti the Eighteenth Century, III, 
chap, xii; Burke, Speeches on American Taxation and Conciliation; Wood- 
burn, " Causes of the Revolution," Johns Hopkins University Studies, X, 553- 



SIX STATESMEN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 

609; Waji, Formation of the Unioft,'Xi1-by, 'S>\o2,n&, French War and Revolution, 
99 ff.; Ludlow, War of American Independence, 64-90 ; Goldwin Smith, United 
States, 64 ff.; Fiske, Atnerican Revohttion, I, chap, i ; Trevelyan, Revolution, I, 
chaps, ii-viii ; Chamberlain, " The Revolution Impending," in Winsor, Narra- 
tive and Critical History, VI, 1-68 ; Hart, Contemporaries, II, 373 ff.; Grahame, 
United States, IV, 246 ff.; Dawson, Sons of Liberty in New York (New York, 
1859); Collins, "Committees of Correspondence," Report of American Histori- 
cal Association {igoi), I, 243-71; Bartlett, //M/(?rj/ of the Destruction of the 
Gaspee (1861) ; idem, in Rhode Island Colonial Records, VII, 57-192 ; Becker, 
"Growth of Revolutionary Parties and Methods in New York Province, 1765- 
1774," American Historical Review, VII, 56-76; Coffin, "The Quebec Act," 
Report of American Historical Association, 1894, 273-79; Farrand, "The 
Taxation of Tta.," American Historical Review, III, 266-69; Frothingham, 
"Sam. Adams' Regiments," Atlantic, June and August, 1862, and November, 
1863; Kidder, History of the Boston Massacre (Albany, 1870); Levermore, 
"Whigs in Colonial New York," American Historical Review, I, 238-50; 
Small, "Beginnings of American Nationality," fohns Hopkins University 
Studies, VIII, 1-77 ; Winsor, " Virginia and the Quebec Bill," Atnerican His- 
torical Review, I, 436-43. 



LECTURE IV. 

JOSEPH GALLOWAY AND THE CASE FOR THE LOYALISTS. 

I. What is a Revolution ? Progress by Evolution and Revolution 
Compared. 

The cases of conscience forced upon the honest soul by a revo- 
lution. The particular case of the American Revolution. 
Survival of revolutionary prejudice against Great Britain and 
against the loyalists. 

II. The Loyalist Party. 

1. Number and distribution. 

2. Character of the loyalists. 

III. Statement of the Revolutionary Problem: "No Taxation without 
Representation." 

1. Actual state of parliamentary representation under George 
III. 

2. The theory of "virtual" representation: Mansfield vs. Pitt 
(1766). 

a) Was American taxation legal ? 

b) Was American taxation expedient ? 

c) Was the distinction between "external" and "internal" 
taxation logical ? 

d) Was colonial representation in Parliament practicable ? 
Views of Otis and Franklin. 



SIX STATESMEN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION II 

IV. The Loyalist Argument as Seen in the Loyalist Literature (Tyler, 
op. cit., I, 304-402). 

1. Martin Howard's Letter from a Gentleman at Halifax {^fw- 
port, 1765). Fate of Howard. 

2. Jonathan Boucher's View of the Causes and Consequences 
of the American Revolution (London, 1797). 

a) His courage. 

^) His conservatism typical of the anti-revolutionary senti- 
ment. 

3. Samuel Seabury's ("Westchester Farmer's") ^r<f(? Thoughts 
on the Proceedings of the Continental Congress, 1774 (New 
York, 1774); and his three subsequent pamphlets. 

a) Comprehensive and effective statement of the loyalist 
position. 

b) Persecution of Seabury. 

4. Daniel Leonard's Massachusettensis ; or, A Series of Letters 
(London, 1776; originally in Massachusetts Gazette and 
Post Boy, 1774-75)- 

5. Joseph Galloway's Candid Examination of the Mutual Claims 
of Great Britain and the Colonies (New York, 1775). 

a) Galloway's characteristics. 

b) United with Franklin in opposition to the proprietary 
government of Pennsylvania; his Speech (Philadelphia, 
1764). 

c) His " Plan of a Proposed Union," etc., introduced in 
Congress, September 28, i'jT4; rejected only by a vote 
of six colonies to five; supported by Duane and Jay; 
praised by Rutledge. Anticipated present British colo- 
nial policy. (Text, in 4 American Archives, I, 905, 906; 
and his Candid Examination, 53, 54.) 

d^ Galloway's later life and writings. 

V. The Loyalists during and after the War. 

STUDIES. 

1. The question of the loyalists in the treaty of 1783. 

2. Persecution of the loyalists after the peace. 

3. Was such a plan as that of Galloway practicable at any time 
after the Stamp Act ? 

4. The answer of the revolutionary leaders to the loyalist argument. 



12 SIX STATESMEN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 

REFERENCES. 

Tyler, Literary History of the American Revolution, I, 293-400 ; idefu, "The Party 
of the Loyalists in the American Revolution," American Historical Review, I, Sr 
24-45 ; Van Tyne, The Loyalists in the American Revolution (New York and * 
London, 1902); Sabine, Loyalists of American Revolution (2 vols., Boston, 
1864); Ryerson, L.oyalists of A?nerica (2d ed., 2 vols., Toronto and Montreal, 
1880); Gilbert, "The Connecticut Loyalists," American Historical Review, 
IV, 273-91; Flick, " Loyalism in New York," Columbia College Studies, XIV. 



LECTURE V. 

ROBERT MORRIS, THE FIRST AMERICAN FINANCIER. 
A. FINANCES OF THE REVOLUTION, I775-I781. 

I. Administration of the Treasury. 

1. By special congressional committees (Bolles, op. cit., I, lo). 

2. By standing congressional committees, 1776-81 (Gugen- 
heimer, op. cit., 127 ff.): the "Commissioners or Board of 
Treasury," created July 30, 1779, consisting of two members 
of Congress and three persons not members of Congress. 

II. The Struggle for Revenue, 1775-81. 

1. Dislike of taxation : Thomas Paine and Pelatiah Webster 
in favor (Sumner, op. cit., I, 28-30; Bolles, op. cit., 1, 191). 

2. Requisitions. 

III. Currency. 

1. Coins in use (Fiske, Critical Period, 165, 166, 171, 172; 
Sumner, op. cit., II, 36, 42 ff.). 

2. Paper money. 

a) Amount issued : dependent on specie in circulation and 
taxes. 

b) Forced circulation: "forestalling," "engrossing," and 
"monopoly" punished; price conventions and price 
tariffs. 

c) Counterfeiting. 

d) Depreciation; as a form of tax; as the "poor man's 
friend" (Sumner, op. cit., I, 79-82; Bolles, op. cit., I, 
177); Teally produces "social palsy" (Sumner, op. cit., I, 
76, 77, 80, 81). 

(?) Forty-for-one Act, March 18, 1780. 

3. State paper money; loan-office certificates; "indents;" pri- 
vate tokens. 



SIX STATESMEN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 1 3 

IV. Specific Supplies; Impressments; Lotteries; Loans. 

B. FINANCES OF THE CONFEDERATION. 

I. State Affairs, 1781. 

1. Unancial and administrative demoralization ; the despair of 
Washington (Morse, Hamilton, I, 86 ff.; Sumner, op. cit., I, 
258, 259). 

2. Hence Congress was forced to abandon the committee sys- 
tem and to appoint heads of state departments (Jameson, 
Essays, 1 16-85). 

df) Secretary for foreign affairs, January 10, 1780 (R. Liv- 
ingston chosen). 

B) Secretary of war, February 7, 1781 (Benjamin Lincoln 
chosen). 

c) Secretary for marine, February 7, 1781. 

(f) Superintendent of finance (called the "financier"), Feb- 
ruary 7, 1 781. 

II. The Work of Robert Morris as Superintendent of Finance, 1781- 
1784 (Bolles, op. cit., I, 267-332; Hart, op. cit., 109 f£.). 

1. Appointed February 20, 1781; accepted May 14; the two 
conditions of acceptance (Sumner, op. cit., I, 264-67); his 
qualifications and previous experience {ibid., 1-4, 261-64); 
his preparatory work in the Pennsylvania assembly {ibid., 
270-73). 

2. He finds the revenue consisting chielly of loan-office and 
quartermaster's certificates; hence their receipt on taxes 
stopped, November 12, 1781 {ibid., 272, 273). 

3. His plan. 

a) Economy and retrenchment {ibid., 277 ff.). 

b) Taxes in specie to pay foreign interest (Bolles, op. cit., 
I, 270). 

^) Foreign loans; "anticipations." 
</) A national bank, etc. 

4. His operations. 

a) Miscellaneous tasks (Sumner, op. cit., I, 277 ff.). 

b) Negotiations in paper money {ibid., 283). 

c) "Bill-kiting" {ibid., 282-84, 74, 95, 114, 115). 



14 SIX STATESMEN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 

d) Circular to the governors {ibid., 284-91). 

e) Provides for Yorktown campaign, etc. 

5. The Bank of North America, chartered by Congress, May '/ 
26, 1781. t 

a) Hamilton's plan (Bancroft, History, VI, 25 ; idem, Con- \ 
stitution, I, 31,32; Mox?>e, Hamilton, 71 ff.; Bolles, ^/. ^ 
cit., I, 273; Lodge, Hamilton, 26-30). 

b) Morris's plan. 

(i) Capital, $400,000, to be increased at pleasure (Ban- 
croft, Constitution, I, 32; cf. Sumner, op. cit., II, 25). 

(2) Incorporated "forever," December 31, 1781; ques- 
tion of constitutionality. 

(3) Slow subscriptions; only $70,000 by October, 1781. 

(4) Chartered by Pennsylvania and other states. 

(5) June, 1782, Morris without authority subscribes 
$254,000 of the French subsidy. 

(6) Benefits. 

{a) For the Confederation. 
{b) For private enterprise. 

(7) Reorganized, 1785; rechartered by Pennsylvania 
assembly, March 17, 1787, for fourteen years. 

6. Morris resigns, 1784; and management of finances is again 
intrusted to a congressional committee, 1784-89 (Bolles, op. 
cit., I, 333 ff.; Fiske, op. cit., 168). 

III. Later Life of Morris. 

1. His failure in business. 

2. Was the country ungrateful ? 

STUDIES. '■ 

1. The Pennsylvania Bank War of 1785-87. | 

2. Was Rotert Morris a martyr? 

3. History of the Bank of North America. 

4. Origin of the United States system of coinage. 

REFERENCES. 

Sumner, The Financier and the Finances of the American Revolution (2 vols., New 
York, 1891); Bolles, Financial History of the United States (3 vols., 2d ed., 
New York, 1884-86), I ; Knox, United States Notes, 9,10; Poore, Money and 
its Laws, 429 ff., 461 f£.; Sumner, "The Spanish Dollar and the Colonial 
Shilling," American Historical Review, July, 1S98; Sumner, History of the 



SIX STATESMEN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 1 5 

Currency, 43 ff.; Walker, ^cwo', 326-35 ; Dewey, Financial History of the 
United States (New York, London, and Bombay, 1903), 2-59; Bullock, Mone- 
tary History of the United States (New York, 1900), Part I ; Elliot, Funding 
System, 6-16 ; Gouge, Short History of Paper Aloney. etc. (Philadelphia, 1833) ; 
Schuckers, Finances and Paper Money of the Revolutionary War (Philadel- 
phia, 1874); Watson, History of American Coinage (New York, 1899); Hickox, 
Historical Account of American Coinage (Albany, 1858); Green, Historical View 
of the American Revolution, 137-72; Curtis, Constitutional History, I, index; 
Hildreth, History of the United States, III, 78, 87, 89, no, 123, 299, 309, 310, 
361, 363, 405, 446; Bancroft, United States, index ; idem. Constitution, I, 31, 32, 
35, 36 ; McMaster, People of the United States, I, 21-23, 139-44. 1 87-200, 202-8, 
266-70, 281-93, 296, 297, 331-61, 400-403; Lalor, Cyclopcedia, I, 199, 207, 208; 
White, Money and Banking (Boston and London, 1896), 134-48; Pitkin, 
United States, II, 154 ff.; Lossing, Field Book of the Revolution, I, 317-19. 352; 
II, 557, 630 ; Gugenheimer, in Jameson's Essays (Boston, 1889), 127 ff.; Lodge, 
Hamilton, 26-30 ; Morse, Hamilton, 71 ff. 



LECTURE VI. 

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, THE FIRST AMERICAN DIPLOMATIST. 

I. Franklin a Typical American. 

1. Rise of a "self-made" man. 

2. Life and achievements before the French and Indian War. 

3. Characteristics. 

II. Franklin as Colonial Agent. 

1. Franklin and the French and Indian War. 

a) Schemes of Shirley and others to tax the colonies. 

b) Franklin's " Canada Paper," The Interest of Great Brit- 
ain, etc. (London, 1760; or in his Works, III, 69-124). 

2. Franklin and the Stamp Act. 

a) His discussions with Grenville before its passage ; was 
he mistaken as to the American temper ? 

^) His examination at the bar of the House of Commons, 
February 13, 1 766. 

3. The Hutchinson letters; Wedderburn's arraignment. 

4. Franklin's views on taxation and representation. 
III. Franklin the Diplomatist of the Revolution. 

1. Genesis of the federal Department of State in the commit- 
tee for secret correspondence appointed 1775. 

2. Early French observation of America. 




1 6 SIX STATESMEN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 

a) Choiseul : character and ability ; attitude toward 
America; sends De Kalb to America, 1768 (Kapp, op. 
cit., 53 ff. ; Green, German Element, 91 ff.) ; cause of 
Choiseul's fall (Kitchin, History of France, III, 465 ff.). 

b) Vergennes : character and policy; Vergennes and Tur- 
got (Bancroft, op. cit., IV, 364 ff.) ; embassy of Bonvou- 
loir, 1776 ; his report (Durand, op. cit., i ff. ; services of 
Beaumarchais, the typical secret agent ; Comte de Bro- 
glie and the proposed stadtholderate (Kapp, op. cit., 
89-98). 

The French Alliance, 1778. 

a) The American commissioners, 1776-78: Silas Deane, 
Arthur Lee, Benjamin Franklin ; character of Deane 
and Lee. 

b) Reception of Franklin ; his relations with Lee, Deane, 
John Adams, and Izard. 

c) The treaty, February 6, 1778. 
(i) Its provisions. 

(2) Influences which secured it. 

d) English agents attempt to secure peace through Franklin. 
4. Franklin's later services. 

a) His life in France. 

b) The treaty of 1783. 

c) His place in American history. 

STUDIES. 

1. Franklin as a scientist. 

2. Franklin as a man of letters. 

3. Did Franklin do his duty in the affair of the Hutchinson letters? 

4. Franklin's services to Pennsylvania. 

REFERENCES. 

Durand, Documents on American Revolution ; Doniol, Participation, etc., I, II ; 
Fiske, Atnerican Revolution, II, I ff.; Parton, Life of Franklin, II, 107 ff.; 
Green, Historical View, chap, vi ; Green, Gerrnan Element, 91 ff.; Bancroft, 
United States, index; Hildreth, op. cit.. Ill, 177 and index ; Balch, French in 
America, 77 ff.; Ramsay, op. cit., 372 ff.; McMaster, Franklin, chap, viii; 
Morse, Franklin; Kapp's Kalb, 45 ff., 286 ff. ; Treaties and Conventions, 296- 
314; Hale, Franklin in France, I; Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, 
VI, I ff.; Wharton, Diplomatic Correspondence; Force, Archives, I; Franklin, 
Works (ed. Bigelow, 10 vols.. New York, 1887-88). 



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